Prays oleae

Biocontrol of the olive moth

Common name: Olive moth
Scientific name: Prays oleae
Order: Lepidoptera
Affects: Olives
Main season: Spring, Summer and Autumn

Prays oleae

General information

The olive moth Prays oleae is a phytophagous insect that is an example of host adaptation, it is also most likely of insect-plant co-evolution. Each of its three annual generations is specialised in using a completely different part of the plant. In addition, the nutritional value of these "menus" allows them, together with other conditioning factors, a greater or lesser speed of development, which is necessary for a perfect synchronisation with the lifecycle of the olive tree.

Olives and Prays oleae male


Morphology and biology

The adult is a silver-grey moth with a wingspan that is 13-14 mm wide and 6 mm long. The egg is lenticular, flat, 0,5 mm in diameter. It is also a whitish colour when recently laid, which turns to yellow when hatching. The larva grows to 8 mm when fully developed and varies in colour, predominantly brown and green, but always in light tones.The chrysalis, with no specific morphological characteristics, is protected by silks and plant or earth remains both in the aerial parts of the plant and in the soil, depending on the generation in question.


larvae and pupae Prays oleae

The three generations that follow throughout the season are perfectly synchronised with the phenological evolution of the olive tree:


three generations of prays oleae


Anthophagous generation: In April and May, the adults that come from the previous generation lay their eggs inside the closed flower buds and with a clear preference for the calyx.

The neonatal larvae penetrate the bud and feed primarily on the anthers and stigma. They pupate inside the fruit-bearing buds, protecting themselves with the remains of dried flowers that are joined by silk threads. This generation is the fastest to evolve, completing its development in a month and a half.


Larva feeding on a flower

Larva feeding on a flower

Chrysalis inside a flower

Chrysalis inside a flower


Carpophagous generation: : The adults that appear from May to June, lay eggs on the small fruits, mainly in the calyx. When the larvae hatch, they directly perforate the fruit and enter inside the olive before the stone hardens.

They feed on the seed until mid-September, when they start to emerge from the olive to pupate in the ground, a period that lasts until the end of October. The new adults lay their eggs on the leaves (October) starting the phyllophagous generation all over again.


Egg laid on an olive

Egg laid on an olive (small image)

Penetration beginning inside an olive

Penetration beginning inside an olive

Damage to the olives

Damage to the olives

Phyllophagous generation: The adults, during October and November deposit their eggs on the leaves and the newly born larvae remain inside the interior galleries during Winter. In February their activity increases, in which they change leaf several times. Finally, they feed on buds and leaves on the outside. Predominantly, they pupate on the underside of leaves and on the inside of silky buds, although they can do the same on tree trunks and in the ground.


Prays oleae penetration and olive damage



Damage

Anthophagous generation: The damage that this generation produces is very relative and difficult to assess. One larva can destroy 20–30 flowers, but on the olive tree out of every 100 flowers only 2-3 olives ripen. In addition, the olive tree compensates for the fallen flowers with a greater number of olives ripening. Only in the case of low flowering and a high population of Prays oleae can there be a significant decrease in production.

Carpophagous generation: It is the most harmful in causing the olives to fall. The first fall (in June) is very difficult to assess because the tree compensates for it by increasing the size of the remaining olives. On many occasions, when harvesting, this can even be beneficial. The second fall (in Autumn), however, is very important because the olive is already developed and the tree does not have time to compensate.

Phyllophagous generation: In adult trees it does not cause any economic damage. Only in garden nurseries and growing trees it is able to destroy the buds and subsequently affect the future of the olive tree.


Biocontrol


Detection and monitoring

For the detection and monitoring of Prays oleae, 1 to 3 traps per hectare must be placed at the same height as the crops. They can be placed on a support for this purpose. Also, the traps must be placed before the first generation appears.


Mass trapping

It is mainly the males of this species that are captured, with the aim to reduce mating. The unmated females will have unviable eggs, therefore reducing the population of this pest.

To carry out mass trapping, the number of traps per surface area must be increased, according to the location and uniformity of the plots. One trap controls a surface area between 500 y 1.000 m2. This converts to a density of 10-20 traps per hectare.

On the borders of the plots, it is necessary to place a barrier of traps, separated 10-15 metres apart from each other.


Period of use

To obtain good control of Prays oleae, it is advisable to combine the two methods of detection and monitoring and mass capture.

In Spring, 1 to 3 traps per hectare can be placed to detect the pest and observe its population levels. Through tolerance thresholds established in each area, the moment to carry out control measures is then defined, in this case mass captures.

The tolerance threshold for Prays oleae is very low and varies depending on the area. Generally, there are between 7 and 21 captures per trap and per week. This is the moment in which we recommend setting the traps throughout the plot for mass capture.


olives in the foreground



Necessary material

Pheromones and traps

Una trampa ECONEX POLILLERO, ECONEX GREEN POLILLERO, ECONEX FOLDING WHITE TRIANGULAR WITHOUT SHEETS or ECONEX DISPOSABLE WHITE TRIANGULAR and a pheromone diffuser ECONEX PRAYS OLEAE 2 MG 60 DAYS with a duration of 60 days in normal field conditions.

The trap ECONEX FOLDING WHITE TRIANGULAR WITHOUT SHEETS is activated by placing an ECONEX SHEET FOR TRIANGULAR 1 UNIT. on their base. The sticky sheet is impregnated with a solvent-free pressure-sensitive adhesive, in which the insects remain trapped.

Difusser Prays Oleae

Pheromone diffuser ECONEX PRAYS OLEAE 2 MG 60 DAYS packaging and pheromone diffuser
(Code: UIPHOVA123)

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ECONEX FOLDING WHITE TRIANGULAR WITHOUT SHEETS

ECONEX FOLDING WHITE TRIANGULAR WITHOUT SHEETS
(Code: UIPFETA273)

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ECONEX SHEET FOR TRIANGULAR 1 UNIT.

ECONEX SHEET FOR TRIANGULAR 1 UNIT.
(Code: UIPFETA248)

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ECONEX POLILLERO




ECONEX POLILLERO
(Code: UIPFETA001)

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ECONEX GREEN POLILLERO




ECONEX GREEN POLILLERO
(Code: UIPFETA027)

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ECONEX DISPOSABLE WHITE TRIANGULAR



ECONEX DISPOSABLE WHITE TRIANGULAR
(Code: UIPFETA242)

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Factors that influence in the number of traps needed

The pest population, adjoining crops, level of control required, etc…

An important factor is crop size. More traps are needed in small and irregular crops than in larger and more uniform plots.

Another important factor is the distance between plots that have the same pest. In such cases the border plots should be reinforced. Therefore, a density of up to 20 traps per hectare may be needed, or more in the case of mass trapping.


Diffuser packaging


ECONEX PRAYS OLEAE 2 MG 60 DAYS.

Corrugated cardboard box of 400 units (20 packs of 20 units).
Box size: 0,32 x 0,24 x 0,22 m (length x width x height).

Pack of 20 units.

Pack of 20 units.

Includes a product information leaflet

Box of 400 units.

Box of 400 units.
(20 packs x 20 units)


Trap packaging



ECONEX FOLDING WHITE TRIANGULAR WITHOUT SHEETS

Corrugated cardboard box of 150 units
Box size: 0.60 x 0.40 x 0.35 m (length x width x height)
Box weight: 10,60 kg.
No. of boxes per pallet: 20
Pallet size: 1.20 x 0.80 x 1.95 m (length x width x height)
Pallet weight: 222 kg

Box of 150 units

Box of 150 units.

ECONEX SHEET FOR TRIANGULAR 1 UNIT.

Corrugated cardboard box of 500 units
Box size: 0.42 x 0.29 x 0.21 m (length x width x height)
Box weight: 10,75 kg.
No. of boxes per pallet: 50
Pallet size: 1.10 x 1.00 x 1.25 m (length x width x height)
Pallet weight: 545 kg

Box of 500 units

Box of 500 units.


ECONEX POLILLERO

Corrugated cardboard box of 35 units
Box size: 0.60 x 0.40 x 0.35 m (length x width x height)
Box weight: 9,80 kg.
No. of boxes per pallet: 20
Pallet size: 1.20 x 0.80 x 1.95 m (length x width x height)
Pallet weight: 206 kg

Box of 35 units

Box of 35 units.


ECONEX GREEN POLILLERO

Corrugated cardboard box of 35 units
Box size: 0.60 x 0.40 x 0.35 m (length x width x height)
Box weight: 9,80 kg.
No. of boxes per pallet: 20
Pallet size: 1.20 x 0.80 x 1.95 m (length x width x height)
Pallet weight: 206 kg

Box of 35 units

Box of 35 units.


ECONEX DISPOSABLE WHITE TRIANGULAR

Corrugated cardboard box of 250 units
Box size: 0.42 x 0.29 x 0.21 m (length x width x height)
Box weight: 13,10 kg.
No. of boxes per pallet: 50
Pallet size: 1.10 x 1.00 x 1.25 m (length x width x height)
Pallet weight: 665 kg

Box of 250 units

Box of 250 units.


Recommended information:


ECONEX PRAYS OLEAE 2 MG 60 DAYS LEAFLET

Leaflet in PDF format that can be downloaded by clicking on the image.

ECONEX PRAYS OLEAE 2 MG 60 DAYS LEAFLET



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